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Endosulfan Fact Sheet

Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide that was first marketed in the 1950s.  Like DDT and other organochlorines, endosulfan bioaccumulates in food chains; contaminates air, food, and drinking water; and poisons children, farmworkers, and wildlife.  Exposure to endosulfan is associated with illnesses ranging from developmental and reproductive impairment to neurological damage and autism.  Endosulfan is so dangerous that it has been banned or severely restricted in the European Union and over 20 other nations, but it continues to be widely used in the United States to control agricultural pests on a variety of fruit, vegetable, and field crops.

Risks to children

Infants and children are especially vulnerable to endosulfan poisoning:

• Endosulfan has been detected in the air in schools at levels exceeding levels-of-concern for young children derived from EPA data.[1] 
• New research suggests that mothers who lived near applications of endosulfan during the first trimester of their pregnancy are more likely to have children who develop autism.[2] 
• The pesticide is a suspected “endocrine disruptor,” and is associated with reproductive and developmental effects such as miscarriages, reduced sperm quality and count, impairment of sexual organs, and delayed sexual maturity.[3] 
• Endosulfan’s endocrine disrupting properties also increase the risk of breast cancer in humans.[4] 
• Studies suggest that young animals are more sensitive to the effects of endosulfan than mature animals.[5]
• Other effects of endosulfan exposure include tremors, convulsions, nausea, diarrhea, unconsciousness, permanent brain damage, coma, and death. 
• Endosulfan is also found in food supplies,[6] drinking water,[7] and in the tissues and breast milk of pregnant mothers.[8]
• In 2007, EPA re-assessed endosulfan and determined that the risks to humans are even higher than it had previously estimated.[9]  EPA has taken no regulatory action in response to these new findings.

Risks to wildlife

Endosulfan poses severe risks to threatened and endangered species and other wildlife:

• According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, endosulfan was responsible for more fish kills in U.S. waters than all other pesticides between 1980 and 1989.^[10] 
• Endosulfan is implicated in the worldwide decline of amphibians.^[11]
• Endosulfan has been detected in the tissues of numerous species including polar bears,[12] minke whales,[13] and northern fulmars (an Arctic bird species).[14]
• In 1989, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined that that a total 130 threatened and endangered species were potentially affected by the use of endosulfan and 43 species were jeopardized by endosulfan uses.[15] 
• In 2002, EPA confirmed that registered uses of endosulfan pose risks of concern to all types of endangered species.[16] 

Endosulfan contamination

Once endosulfan is released into the environment, it is highly persistent and mobile: 

• Endosulfan is transported long distances in the atmosphere and has been detected in areas far from use sites, including national parks and the Arctic.[17] 
• The half-life of combined residues of endosulfan varies from 9 months to 6 years.[18] 
• The main degradation product, endosulfan sulphate, is equally toxic to the parent compound and perhaps even more persistent.[19] 

Effective alternatives

Effective and proven alternatives to endosulfan are readily available to growers.  Data on endosulfan alternatives are available at http://www.panna.org/files/field_guide_without_endosulfan.pdf

Regulatory status

EPA continues to allow endosulfan to be used in the United States:

• Endosulfan is currently registered for use a wide variety of crops including cotton, apples, pears, melons, cucumbers, squash, lettuce, celery, apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries, non-bearing citrus, tomatoes, sweet corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, blueberries, strawberries, alfalfa, almonds, walnuts, filbert nuts, macadamia nuts, peppers, eggplant, carrots, tobacco, and pineapples.[20] 
• Approximately 1.38 million pounds of endosulfan are used annually in the United States.[21]

Use of endosulfan has been severely curtailed in other parts of the world:

• Nations that have completely banned or severely restricted use of endosulfan include Bahrain, Belize, Cambodia, Columbia, Cote d’Ivoire, the European Union, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, St Lucia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tonga, and the United Arab Emirates.
• In February 2008, the West African nation of Benin announced that endosulfan would be banned once existing stocks are used. Nine West African countries have recently banned the use of endosulfan on cotton—Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Tchad, Cap-Vert, Gambia, and Niger. Endosulfan is also banned in the state of Kerala, India, as a result of severe adverse effects arising from aerial spraying of endosulfan on cashew plantations.
• The United Nations Environment Programme is currently considering a proposal to include endosulfan on the Stockholm Convention’s list of persistent organic pollutants, which would result in a near-global ban.[22]  The United States has not ratified the Stockholm Convention.

[2] Roberts et al., Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California Central Valley, Environ. Health Perspect. 115 (10): 1482–9 (2007).

[3] Wilson et al., Endosulfan elevates testosterone biotransformation and clearance in CD-1 mice, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 148:158-168 (1998); Singh et al., Effect of sub-chronic endosulfan exposures on plasma gonadotrophins, testosterone, testicular testosterone and enzymes of androgen biosynthesis in rat, Indian J. Exp. Biol. (10):953-6 (1990); Singh et al., Gonadal toxicity of short term chronic endosulfan exposure to male rats, Indian J. Exp. Biol. (4):341-6 (1989).

[4] Grunfeld et al., Effect of in vitro estrogenic pesticides on human oestrogen receptor alpha and beta mRNA levels, Toxicol. Lett. 151(3):467-80 (2004); Ibarluzea et al., Breast cancer risk and the combined effect of environmental estrogens, Cancer Causes Control 15(6):591-600 (2004).

[5] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Endosulfan – Developmental Neurotoxicity Feeding Study in Rats with Endosulfan [MRID# 46968301] (2007); Cabaleiro et al., Effects of in utero and lactational exposure to endosulfan in prefrontal cortex of male rats, Toxicol. Lett. 176(1):58-67 (2008); Dalsenter et al., Reproductive effects of endosulfan on male offspring of rats exposed during pregnancy and lactation, Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18(9):583-9 (1999); Sinha et al., Effect of endosulfan during fetal gonadal differentiation on spermatogenesis in rats, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 10(1-2):29-32 (2001); Sinha et al., Effect of endosulfan on the testis of growing rats, Bulletin Environ. Contamination Toxicol. 58:79-86 (1997); Sinha et al., Endosulfan-induced biochemical changes in the testis of rats, Veterinary and Human Toxicol. 37:547-549 (1995).

[6] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 12 (2002).

[7] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 14-15 (2002).

[8] Damgaard et al., Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism, Environ. Health Perspect. 114(7) 1133-1138 (2007).

[9] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Endosulfan. Acute and Chronic (Food and Drinking Water) Dietary Exposure Assessment to update the 2002 Reregistration Eligibility Decision (March 14, 2007).

[10] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment (2002).

[11] Broomhall and Shine, Effects of the insecticide endosulfan and presence of congeneric tadpoles on Australian tree frog (Litoria freycineti) tadpoles, Arch Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45(2):221-226 (2003); Sparling, et al., Pesticides and amphibian population declines in California USA, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(7):1591-1595 (2001); Quijano, Risk assessment in a third world reality: an endosulfan case history, Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 6(4):312-317 (2000).

[12] Gabrielsen et al., Halogenated organic contaminants and metabolites in blood and adipose tissues of polar

bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard, SPFO Report 915/2004 (2004).

[13] Hobbs et al., Levels and patterns of persistent organochlorines in minke whale (Balaenoptera

acutorostrata) stocks from the North Atlantic and European Arctic, Environ. Pollution 121 (2), 239-252

(2003).

[14] Gabrielsen et al., Organic Pollutants in Northern Fulmars (Fulmarius glacialis) from Bjørnøya, SPFO Report 922/2005 (2005)

[15] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment (2002).

[16] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 33 (2002).  

[17] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 25 (2002); U.S. National Parks Service, Western Airborne Contaminants Assessment Project Final Report: Volume 1: The Fate, Transport, and Ecological Impacts of Airborne Contaminants in Western National Parks (USA) (January 2008).

[18] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 26 (2002). 

[19] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 26 (2002).  

[20] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 57-72 (2002). 

[21] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endosulfan Reregistration Eligibility Decision, at 6 (2002).

[22] United Nations Environment Programme, Endosulfan Proposal, UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/5 (2007).

Pesticides: Reregistration

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You are here: EPA HomePesticidesRegulating PesticidesReregistrationPesticide Reregistration StatusEndosulfanRED Facts
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Endosulfan RED FactsNovember 2002
EPA-738-F-02-012

Pesticide Reregistration
All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be registered by EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which were first registered before November 1, 1984, be reregistered to ensure that they meet today’s more stringent standards.

In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. To implement provisions of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, EPA considers the special sensitivity of infants and children to pesticides, as well as aggregate exposure of the public to pesticide residues from all sources, and the cumulative effects of pesticides and other compounds with common mechanisms of toxicity. The Agency develops any mitigation measures or regulatory controls needed to effectively reduce each pesticide’s risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that meet the safety standard of the FQPA and can be used without posing unreasonable risks to human health or the environment.

When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains the basis for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document. This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED document for reregistration case 0014, endosulfan.

Use Profile
Endosulfan is a broad spectrum contact insecticide and acaricide registered for use on a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, cereal grains, and cotton, as well as ornamental shrubs, trees, vines, and ornamentals for use in commercial agricultural settings. Total average annual use of endosulfan is estimated at approximately 1.38 million pounds of active ingredient (lbs. ai), according to Agency and registrant estimates. Crops with the highest average percent drop treated are: squash (40%), eggplant (41%), cantaloupe (31%), sweet potato (31%), broccoli (26%), pears (20%), and pumpkins (20%). Crops with the highest sales in 2001 include: cotton (14.2%), cantaloupe (13.2%), tomatoes (12.2%), and potatoes (8.15%).

Endosulfan is formulated as a liquid emulsifiable concentrate ( 9-34% ai) and wettable powder (1-50% ai). The wettable powder formulation is frequently packaged in water soluble bags. Endosulfan can be applied by groundboom sprayer, fixed-wing aircraft, chemigation (potatoes only), airblast sprayer, rights-of-way sprayer, low pressure handwand sprayer, high pressure handwand sprayer, backpack sprayer and dip treatment.Regulatory

History

Endosulfan was first registered as a pesticide in the U.S. in 1954 to control agricultural insect and mite pests on a variety of field, fruit, and vegetable crops. A Registration Standard dated September 17, 1981, and a Guidance Document dated April 1982 were issued for endosulfan, which required additional generic and product-specific data for the manufacturing products of the technical registrants. Since the Guidance Document was issued, there have been seven DCIs generated: 10/23/85, 5/19/86, 5/27/86, 1/30/87, 6/19/87, 9/02/92, and 5/10/94 concerning the potential formation of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in technical endosulfan products. An additional DCI was issued in October 1994, which primarily concerned residue chemistry data deficiencies.

Further, in 1991, the technical registrants amended labels to incorporate a 300-foot spray drift buffer for aerial applications between treated areas and water bodies. This setback was adopted in order to address concerns about contamination of water and risks to aquatic organisms. In 2000, the technical registrants amended technical product labels to remove all residential use patterns. Currently, there are 94 endosulfan products registered.

Human Health Assessment
Toxicity

Endosulfan generally has been shown to have high acute oral and inhalation toxicity as well as slightly toxic dermal toxicity. It is an irritant to the eyes and is not a dermal sensitizer. Endosulfan is neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic. Endosulfan primarily affects the nervous system. Toxic effects observed in animals from acute, subchronic, developmental neurotoxicity, and chronic/carcinogenic toxicity studies found that endosulfan causes neurotoxic effects, which are believed to result from over-stimulation of the central nervous system. Further, there is evidence (effects observed in a submitted chronic oral toxicity study in rats) that endosulfan acts as an endocrine disruptor. However, further investigation is necessary to determine the relevance and impact of such findings on public health.

Dietary Exposure

EPA has assessed dietary risk by estimating exposure to endosulfan residues from consumption of food and drinking water that can occur over a single-day (acute) or longer (chronic). Generally, a dietary (food) risk estimate that is less than 100% of the acute or chronic Population Adjusted Dose does not exceed the Agency’s risk concern. Acute risk estimates from exposures to food, associated with the use of endosulfan exceed the Agency’s level of concern for some population subgroups. For example, for exposure resulting from applications of endosulfan, for the most exposed population subgroup, children 1-6 years old, the percent acute PAD value is 150% at the 99.9th percentile of exposure from consumption of food alone. The crops that contributed the most to the risks of concern are succulent beans and peas. Chronic dietary (food) exposure estimates are below the Agency’s level of concern for all subpopulations. For the most highly exposed subpopulation, children 1-6 years old, the percent chronic PAD value is 17% from consumption of food alone.

Drinking water exposure to endosulfan can occur through ground and surface water contamination. EPA used modeled Tier 2 estimates of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate to estimate risk for acute exposures. Taking into account the supported uses of endosulfan, the Agency concluded that residues of endosulfan in drinking water are of concern. Drinking water estimates for chronic exposures, based on models, from both ground and surface water are not of concern.

Risk from All Registered Pesticide Endosulfan Exposures

To assess risks from all endosulfan exposures, the Agency combined risk from food and drinking water exposure only. The technical registrants are not supporting residential or other non-occupational uses of endosulfan. As a result, these use patterns have not been considered for regulatory purposes at this time. The acute estimated drinking water concentrations for endosulfan are above the acute drinking water level of comparisons (DWLOCs) for infants <1 year and the most sensitive population subgroup, children 1-6 years old. The chronic estimated drinking water concentrations for the U.S. general population and all population subgroups are below the chronic drinking water levels of comparisons (DWLOCs) for the U.S. general population and all population subgroups and, therefore, are not of concern.

Occupational Exposure

Occupational handlers can be exposed to endosulfan through mixing, loading and/or applying a pesticide or re-entering treated sites. Occupational handlers of endosulfan include individual farmers or growers who mix, load and/or apply pesticides and professional or custom agricultural applicators. The post-application occupational risk assessment considered exposures to workers entering treated sites in agriculture.

Risk for all of these potentially exposed populations is measured by a Margin of Exposure (MOE), which determines how close the occupational exposure comes to a NOAEL. Generally, MOEs greater than 100 are not of concern. Restricted Entry Intervals (REIs) are 24 hours on current endosulfan labels. The Agency has determined that there are potential mixer, loader, applicator as well as post-application exposures to occupational handlers. Based on current use patterns, there are some short-term dermal and inhalation risks of concerns for workers who mix, load and apply endosulfan to agricultural sites as well as to those workers who re-enter a treated area following application of endosulfan.

Environmental Assessment
Ecological risks are also of concern to the Agency. The environmental risk assessment suggests that exposure to endosulfan could result in both acute and chronic risks of concern for terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Exposure to endosulfan has resulted in both reproductive and development effects in nontarget animals, particularly birds, fish and mammals.

Risk Mitigation Measures
To mitigate human health and ecological risks of concern for endosulfan, the following measures will be implemented:

Dietary (Food) Risk

Delete use on succulent beans, succulent peas, spinach, and grapes
Dietary (Drinking Water) and Ecological Risk

Several mitigation measures are needed to reduce the potential for contamination of drinking water.

Delete use on pecans;
Reduce maximum seasonal application rates from 3lbs./ai/A to 2.5 lbs./ai/A for pome fruit, stone fruit, and citrus;
Reduce maximum seasonal application rate from 3 lbs./ai/A to 2 lbs./ai/A for melons, cucurbits, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, cotton (ground), broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kohlrabi, brussels sprouts, strawberries, filberts, walnuts, almonds, macadamia nuts, peppers, eggplant, potatoes, carrots, dry beans, dry peas, and tobacco;
Reduce maximum seasonal application rate from 3 lbs./ai/A to 1.5 lbs./ai/A for sweet corn, cotton (aerial) and blueberries;
Reduce maximum seasonal application rate from 3 lbs./ai/A to 1 lb./ai/A for celery;
Require 100 ft. spray buffer for ground applications between a treated area and water bodies;
Require 30 ft. maintained vegetative buffer strip between a treated area and water bodies;
Require all products to be Restricted Use;
Restrict use on cotton to AZ, CA, NM, OK and TX only; and
Restrict use on tobacco to IN, KY, OH, PA, TN and WV only.
Occupational Risk

Require all wettable powers to be packaged in water soluble bags;
Cancel use of wettable powders on tomatoes, sweet corn, sweet potatoes, cotton, small grains, alfalfa (seed), carrots, dry beans, dry peas, pineapples, and tobacco;
Cancel aerial application using the wettable powder formulation on pome fruits, stone fruits, citrus, blueberries, strawberries, collard greens (seed), kale (seed), mustard greens (seed), radish (seed), turnip (seed), rutabaga (seed), broccoli, (seed), cauliflower (seed), kohlrabi (seed), cabbage (seed), filberts, walnuts, almonds, and macadamia nuts;
Require closed mixing/loading systems for aerial application using the EC formulation on pome fruits, stone fruits, citrus, sweet corn, sweet potatoes, cotton, collard greens (seed), kale (seed), mustard greens (seed), radish (seed), turnip (seed), rutabaga (seed), broccoli, (seed), cauliflower (seed), kohlrabi (seed), cabbage (seed), blueberries, small grains, alfalfa (seed), filberts, walnuts, almonds and macadamia nuts;
Require closed cabs for airblast applications on pome fruits, stone fruits, citrus, filberts, walnuts, almonds and macadamia nuts;
Prohibit use of high pressure handwands with rates greater than 0.005 lbs/ai/gal;
Increase REI to 48 hours for all crops except as noted in the following bullets;
Increase REI for WP products to 3 days for melons and cucurbits;
Increase REI for WP products to 4 days for lettuce, celery, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus, collard greens, kale, mustard greens, radish, turnip, rutabaga, ornamental trees and shrubs;
Increase REI for WP products to 5 days for collard greens (seed), kale (seed), mustard greens (seed), radish (seed), turnip (seed) and rutabaga (seed);
Increase REI for WP products to 9 days for blueberries, broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, cabbage, and brussels sprouts;
Increase REI for WP products to 12 days for broccoli (seed), cauliflower (seed), kohlrabi (seed), and cabbage (seed);
Increase REI for EC products to 3 days for sweet potatoes
Increase REI for EC products to 4 days for broccoli, cauliflower, kohlrabi, cabbage, and brussels sprouts;
Increase REI for EC products to 6 days for blueberries;
Increase REI for EC products to 7 days for broccoli (seed), kohlrabi (seed), and cabbage (seed); and
Increase REI for EC products to 17 days for sweet corn.
Stakeholder Process

Given the toxicity and persistence of endosulfan and potential risks to aquatic organisms, the Agency has developed a number of mitigation measures in order to reduce the risks to aquatic organisms outlined in this document.

While the Agency believes that these measures will reduce the potential for exposures to aquatic organisms and reduce the overall environmental loading of endosulfan, it also believes that in specific geographic areas where conditions exist that make aquatic organisms especially vulnerable (e.g., shallow, leaky aquifers, highly erodible lands, the presence of especially sensitive organisms and high use of endosulfan) additional measures may be identified. In order to more fully evaluate the risks in these vulnerable areas; the risk management strategies that may be in place or could potentially be implemented in such areas (e.g., use of retention ponds) to reduce exposure; and the benefits of the use of endosulfan in those areas, the Agency is planning to conduct a stakeholder process to accomplish this objective. Further, the impacts of atmospheric transport may require additional evaluation during this time period.

Additional mitigation measures may be needed following the completion of this process.

Additional Data Required
EPA is requiring the following additional generic studies for endosulfan to confirm its regulatory assessments and conclusions:

OPPTS 850.2100: Avian acute oral toxicity of bobwhite quail and mallard ducks
OPPTS 850.2200: Avian subchronic oral toxicity of bobwhite quail and mallard ducks
OPPTS 850.2300: Avian reproduction study
OPPTS 850.1075: Freshwater fish acute toxicity study of bluegill sunfish
OPPTS 850.1300: Early life stage fish
OPPTS 850.1350: Life cycle invertebrate
OPPTS 850.1500: Freshwater fish full life cycle using rainbow trout
OPPTS 850.1075: Estuarine/marine fish acute toxicity study
OPPTS 850.1035: Estuarine/marine invertebrate acute toxicity study of
mysid shrimp
OPPTS 850.1735: Whole sediment acute toxicity testing using a freshwater invertebrate
OPPTS 850.1740: Whole sediment acute toxicity testing using a estuarine/marine invertebrate
OPPTS 850.1735S: Whole sediment chronic toxicity testing using a freshwater invertebrate
OPPTS 850.1740S: Whole sediment chronic toxicity testing using an estuarine/marine invertebrate
164-2 (Special Study): Vegetative buffer effectiveness study
OPPTS 835.7100: Groundwater monitoring study
OPPTS 835.7200: Surface drinking water monitoring study
OPPTS 870.6200: Subchronic Neurotoxicity – Rat
OPPTS 870.6300: Developmental Neurotoxicity Toxicity Study – Rat
OPPTS 860.1380: Storage stability (oils seed, non-oily grain and processed commodities)
OPPTS 860.1500: Crop field trials for the following raw agricultural commodities: barley hay, and pearled barley; oat forage, hay, and rolled oats; rye forage; wheat forage, and hay
OPPTS 860.1500: Crop field trials for tobacco and a pyrolysis
OPPTS 860.1520: Magnitude of residue in processed food/feed commodities
OPPTS 875.1100: Dermal outdoor exposure for applying dip treatments to trees and roots or whole plants
OPPTS 875.1700: Product use information for applying dip treatments to trees and roots or whole plants
The Agency is also requiring product-specific data including product chemistry and acute toxicity studies, revised Confidential Statements of Formula (CSFs), and revised labeling for reregistration.

Regulatory Conclusion
The Agency has assessed all 80 tolerances for endosulfan and can make a FQPA safety determination based on a review of the dietary (food and drinking water), ecological and occupational risks associated with the supported uses of currently registered pesticides containing endosulfan.

Agricultural uses of endosulfan based on approved labeling pose occupational risks of concern and ecological risks that constitute unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. However, the Agency believes these risks can likely be mitigated to levels below concern through changes to pesticide labeling and formulations. Accordingly, the Agency has determined that endosulfan is eligible for reregistration provided that: (1) additional required data will confirm this decision for occupational exposures associated with the application of dip treatment to roots or whole plants and ecological risks; and (2) the risk mitigation outlined in the RED are adopted, and label amendments are made to reflect these measures. Further, if vulnerable areas in specific geographic areas are identified as a result of the stakeholder process, additional ecological risk mitigation measures may be necessary to protect especially sensitive organisms. The endosulfan RED document includes guidance and time frames for complying with any label changes for products containing endosulfan.

For More Information
EPA is requesting public comments on the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for endosulfan during a 60-day time period, as announced in a Notice of Availability published in the Federal Register. To obtain a copy of the RED document or to submit written comments, please contact the Pesticide Docket, Public Information and Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), US EPA, Washington, DC 20460; telephone number 703-305-5805.

Electronic copies of the RED, this Fact Sheet, and all supporting documents are available on the Internet. See http://www.epa.gov/REDs.

The Agency has also established an official record for this action under docket control numbers OPP-34242 and eDocket OPP-2002-0262.

Printed copies of the RED and fact sheet can be obtained from EPA’s National Service Center for Environmental Publications (EPA/NSCEP), PO Box 42419, Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419, telephone 1-800-490-9198; fax 301-604-3408.

Following the comment period, the endosulfan RED document also will be available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, telephone 1-800-553-6847, or 703-605-6000.

For more information about EPA’s pesticide reregistration program, the endosulfan RED, or reregistration of individual products containing endosulfan please contact the Special Review and Reregistration Division (7508C), OPP, US EPA, Washington, DC 20460, telephone 703-308-8000.

For information about the health effects of pesticides, or for assistance in recognizing and managing pesticide poisoning symptoms, please contact the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC). Call toll-free 1-800-858-7378, from 6:30 am to 4:30 pm Pacific Time, or 9:30 am to 7:30 pm Eastern Standard Time, seven days a week. Their internet address is http://npic.orst.edu.

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Please read before use to ensure full and proper function of your newly purchased SmokeStik.

Congratulations and thank you for purchasing the SmokeStik.

Special Notes:

Product Has a 3 Second cut-off: if your drag is longer than three seconds your SmokeStik “cuts-off”  to prevent overheating.

Preventing Over-Usage: If you take more than 16 drags within one minute, your battery will flash continuously 10 times to indicate over-usage. Please refer to this manuals Troubleshooting page if you SmokeStik is not working properly. If you are still unable to ascertain the problem, please contact us at service@discountsmokstik.com.

Product Information

WHAT IS A SMOKESTIK?

A SmokeStik is a revolutionary device that resembles a traditional cigarette and fully recreates the smoking experience, including “smoke” without any harmful side effects.

It is a clean alternative to traditional cigarette smoking.  It is free of carbon monoxide, tar, and the cancer-causing chemicals found in traditional cigarettes and cigars.  A SmokeStik is essentially litter-less in that it is free of ashes and stubs.  Also, it is much safer since it is free of fire.

What you are “smoking” is a mist or vapor.  This vapor is created as liquid nicotine and propylene glycol are vaporized by a tiny component called the atomizer.

KEY PRODUCT BENEFITS

• No Strong odor
• No second-hand smoke
• Environmentally friendly: Free of ashes and stubs, cartridges are recyclable
• No ignition required, product remains cool to the touch
• Free of tobacco’s 4000 different chemicals
• Satisfies nicotine cravings while emitting only a harmless vapor
• Saves you money on cigarettes and other nicotine replacement therapies
• Not considered a tobacco product

HOW DOES IT WORK?

 The mouthpiece (filter) contains a replaceable cartridge filled with liquid.  The main substances contained in the liquid are nicotine, propylene glycol, and optional flavours.

When you take a drag on the SmokeStik, the air flow is detected by a tiny sensor.  A microprocessor then activates the atomizer which injects tiny droplets of the liquid into the flowing air and vaporizes the nicotine.  This produces a vapor mist which you inhale – just like smoke from a traditional cigarette.  You get the nicotine delivery without any of the harmful chemicals or tar that traditional cigarettes contain!  An orange LED at the tip of the device is also activated to simulate the burning end of a lit cigarette.

A high-density Lithium Ion battery powers the device and will last all day on a normal charge.  Your starter kit will include two batteries so that you may use one while your second battery is recharging.

BATTERY COMPONENTS AND CHARGER

The SmokeStik employs a 3.6V special lithium battery and unique charger which cannot be replaced with other lithium batteries or chargers. The input supply voltage of the charger must be Ac100V-240V, 50/60Hz, or DC6-24V.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIRST TIME USE

The four main components to your new Smokestik are the filter, cartridge, the atomizer and the battery.

1. The first time you use the SmokeStik, you will need to pull off the dummy filter that comes with the unit and discard it.  There is no cartridge shipped with the unit.
2. Open the packaging of an new cartridge, remove the plug from the end of the filter.
3. Insert the cartridge into the atomizer, open end first, then slide the filter over the catridge until it is secure and flush with the SmokeStik.
4. Once assembled, you unit is ready for use.  Taking a drag on the cigarette should immediately activate the atomizer, and you should see the tip light up orange,  If this does not happen, you will need to charge the battery.  Refer to the section on replacing your battery for further information.

REPLACING THE CARTRIDGE

When your cartridge runs out, your SmokeStik will stop producing “smoke” and you will notice that the flavor of the product is gone.  When this happens, you will need to replace the cartridge.

To replace the cartridge, simply pull the filer off the end of the SmokeStik (DO NOT UNSCREW IT), remove the old cartridge, and discard both the filter and cartridge.  Open a new cartridge and insert it into the atomizer, open end first, then slide the new filter over the cartridge securely.

CARTRIDGE FAQs

Q: How long will a cartridge last?

A: That depends solely on your usage patterns.  Some users will go through 1 or less cartridges a day, while heavy users may go through 2 or more per day.  One cartridge is roughly equivalent to 1/2 of a pack of traditional tobacco cigarettes.

Q: How do I know when the cartridge is finished?

A: When your cartridge runs out, your SmokeStik will stop producing “smoke” and you will notice that the flavor of the product is gone.  When this happens you will need to replace the cartridge.

Q: How much nicotine is in the cartridge?

A: Cartridges are available in varying nicotine doses and flavors.  Smoke Stik supplies two main flavors (regular and menthol).  Each of these two flavors are further availabe in four nicotine strengths: High – 14mg, Medium – 8mg, Low – 4mg and No Nicotine.

REPLACING THE BATTERY

To change the battery in your SmokeStik, gently unscrew the atomizer (filter end) of the unit from the discharged SmokeStik and screw it back onto the new fully-charged SmokeStik.

Note: There is only ONE atomizer in your kit-this is the silver colored metal extending from the end of he SmokeStik.  The white, jet black or platinum portion of the SmokeStik contains the actual battery.  This is the only part that will screw onto the charging unit and the only time you will ever need to unscrew the atomizer is to screw it into your spare SmokeStik battery.  You do not need to unscrew the atomizer unit in order to change your cartridge.

BATTERY FAQs

Q: How do I recharge my battery?

A: Simply screw the battery into the charger.  At this point, the charger’s indicator light will turn to red. Once the charge is complete, the light will change from red to green. Typically, it takes about 3 to 4 hours to fully recharge the battery.  Keep in mind, your smokeStik package includes 2 batteries so that you can recharge one while the other is in use.  The frequency of recharging your battery will depend on how often you inhale.

Q: How do I know when to recharge my battery?

A: When your battery begins to flash continuously for about 9 seconds, you will need to recharge your battery.

TROUBLESHOOTING

1. When the indicator light is flashing continuously for approximately 9 seconds, this indicates a need to recharge your battery.
2. A decrease in smoke volume usually indicates the need for a new cartridge.
3. Always ensure that the atomizer is secured properly to the battery and screwed on tightly.
4. Ensure Cartridges are stored in a cool, dry place.
5. Take quick short breaths to warm up the atomizer to prevent liquid from coming out of the filter.
6. Do not place your finger over the gold where the filter and battery meet this will block the air flow into the filter. 

 CAUTIONS

1. Keep your SmokeStik away from high tempuratures at all times.
2. Keep the SmokeStik and its components away from children.
3. For people with adverse reaction after using this product, switch to a lower nicotine dosage or discontinue use completely.
4. Keep your charged battery away from metal articles in your pockets, purse or other storage containers.  The conductors can bring about a short circuit, heating or damage to the battery components.
5. Although the SmokeSik is not a tobacco product, we advise that you abide by local laws and be socially considerate when using this Alternative Smoking Device.

SUITABLE USERS

This product MUST NOT be sold to :

• People under the Age of 19

This product is NOT intended for and should not be sold to:

• Women who are either pregnant or nursing
• People with a sensitivity to Nicotine or propylene glycol
• Non-Smokers

This product is most suitable for:

• Existing Smokers, 19 years of age and older that are looking for an alternative method of  “smoking” and the opportunity to smoke indoors; while still abiding by local laws and being mindful of other people.

She works in a gas station and a regular comes in and she is prepared to get him his brand of cigarettes and he pulls out an e-cig and says he hasn’t had the desire to smoke a traditional cigarette because the e-cig satisfies him. Now, my sister and her husband have had the smokestik for over two months and I asked her if she was using the smokestik and she said she had not started. I asked her why not and she reminded me how she sells insurance on the side and has never approached me because family is the hardest to sell to. But, I did sell her and her husband the smokestik. I quess some of us smoke for different reasons. I have these e-cig and sit here and wonder how to let people know that this is not a scary product but a great alternative to the traditional cigarette. I am in the process of getting a huge account with a corporation that will carry the smoke stik in their establishment because they realize that smokers should have the right to choose to smoke a traditional cigarette or have an alternative to smoking and since nicotine is highly addictive that it is hard not be able to smoke for long periods of time when the entire state has a smoking ban. Now, my sister says okay if they are going to sell this product then I quess you are right. She was just as skeptical as all of you reading this. I assure you from my own heart I enjoy my smokestik and have had no problems what-so-ever with my e-cig. I do switch from different strengths from full 14mg to medium 8mg. I can go days without any. My sister hopefully will blog soon when she finally desides to take the leap of faith. I remember just two years ago when she thought she had lung cancer and was making life decisions regarding her five children. She quit for a long time. It turns out she did not have lung cancer but after that returned to smoking. We are stress smokers. Know anyone like that?  Reevaluate where you are and where you want to be tomorrow.  Because, we can only take it one day at a time.

Have a great day and remember you are special.

Discount SmokeStik has added international shipping to the following countries:

Dear Self,

You are making a major step towards admitting that smoking traditional cigarettes has ruined your life.  I am glad that you have chosen to a least research alternative smoking devices such as the e-cig made by SmokeStik.  You will be delighted to know that they have never been held at the customs border and meet current regulations.  They are manufactured by a pharmaceutical company and SmokeStik is the only E-Cigarette that has a Dr. on the Board of Directors.  He is Dr. David Baron, Chief of Staff at UCLA Santa Monica Medical Center.  You will be making a great decision to purchase a SmokeStik as opposed to other E-Cigarettes. 

I want you to be happy and free to make right choices in your life.  I want you to be able to choose whether you want to smoke traditional cigarettes or the alternative (SmokeStik).  You need to be an example to those around you.  You need to try the E-Cigarette not because I am writing this to you but because you realize that you are living a lie.  You are lying to yourself if you think that smoking tobacco cigarettes doesn’ t have an effect on your life. 

Take a look at yourself .  I can tell you that your teeth have yellowed, you can’t even stop thinking about the next time you get to have another cigarette, your clothes closet smells like a cigarette, you encounter every element when you smoke outside, your loved ones can’t stand to sit near you at the dinner table because you drown out the delicious smell of the chicken marsala, your hands smell of smoke, you stay outside to smoke while everyone else shops in the mall,  you have less money to spend at the mall cause you just paid $45.00 for a carton of cigarettes that will only last you ten days, you would increase your medication to compensate for the effects of smoking tobacco cigarettes,  you have to take the elevator because you run out of breath just to walk up one flight of stairs and your skin has begun to wrinkle.

I love you and I want you to take care of us.  I can’t make this decision for you but I can plea with you and tell you that we have a lot of living left in us and we can do this together.  I know you can’t do this alone and I will always be here when the tough times come.  I will encourage you to make better decisions for us and I believe that you reading this is one step closer for us to be one in accord.  Just try the E-Cigarette by SmokeStik what have you got to lose? 

I want those hugs and kisses that I have been missing out on and those special times spent with friends and family without smelling like a cigarette.

Sincerely yours,

Your Conscience

I had a very interesting evening on Saturday. While out celebrating our 12 Anniversary, a man came up to ask if we had any nicorette gum. I said,”No but I do have something for you to try”. I got out a spare e-cig and put in an new cartridge and told him how to smoke the e-cig.  He was amazed and said he was tired of the nicorette gum because it was making his gums and teeth sore.  He told me I saved his life and why hadn’t anyone told him about these. I told him how the Smokestik was the only e-cig manufactured by a pharmicutical company here in the USA.  He told me I was his new best friend. I met up with him today and brought him his own smokestik starter kit and the 50 pack of high cartridges. I got a picture of him with his e-cig in front of his motorcycle and will down load for all of you to see. Now, he can smoke while riding without the wind blowing out the traditional cigarette. He enjoyed that he got the nicotine without the 4000 ingredients and it satisfied him more that the nicorette gum. He told me that he smoked 3 packs a day for 13 years. Yikes. I find it interesting that for some to have smoked that many and just after one night of the e-cig he felt that this was a great alternative and actually satisfied the nicotine craving and the cessation of smoking.
I hope this story touches you because I wonder what made him come up to us and yet I had an extra e-cig and let him smoke it the rest of the night til he left.  God works in mysterious ways. It wasn’t a coincidence it was meant to be.
Thanks for reading and I hope you will have your own story and how you are going to live a life free without the traditional cigarette and the ill effects it has on your life.